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IP
Addressing and Subnetting: Including IPv6 Copyright 2000 by Syngress Media, all rights reserved |
Contents
CHAPTER
1 Addressing and Subnetting Basics
IP
Address Basics
Classful
Addressing–Structure and Size of Each Type
What Is a
Network?
Class A
Class B
Class C
Address
Assignments
Single
Address per Interface
Multihomed
Devices
Multinetting—Multiple
Addresses per Interface
Examples
Purpose
of Subnetting
The Basic
Fixed-Length Mask
What the
Mask Does
Components
of a Mask
Binary Determination
of Mask Values
Decimal
Equivalent Mask Values
Creating
Masks for Various Networking Problems
Addresses
and Mask Interaction
Reserved
and Restricted Addresses
Determining
the Range of Addresses within Subnets
Determining
Subnet Addresses Given a Single Address and Mask
Interpreting
Masks
Reserved
Addresses
Summary
FAQs
CHAPTER
2 Creating an Addressing Plan for Fixed-Length Mask Networks
Introduction
Determine
Addressing Requirements
Review Your
Internetwork Design
How Many
Subnets Do You Need?
How Many
IP Addresses Are Needed in Each Subnet?
What
about Growth?
Choose
the Proper Mask
Consult
the Tables
Use
Unnumbered Interfaces
Ask for a
Bigger Block of Addresses
Router
Tricks
Use Subnet
Zero
Obtain IP
Addresses
From Your
Organization’s Network Manager
From Your
ISP
From Your
Internet Registry
Calculate
Ranges of IP Addresses for Each Subnet
Doing It
the Hard Way
Worksheets
Subnet
Calculators
Allocate
Addresses to Devices
Assigning
Subnets
Assigning
Device Addresses
Sequential
Allocation
Reserved
Addresses
Grow
Towards the Middle
Document
Your Work
Keeping
Track of What You’ve Done
Paper
Spreadsheets
Databases
In Any
Case
Summary
FAQs
Exercises
Subnetting
Tables
Class A
Subnetting Table
Class B
Subnetting Table
Class C
Subnetting Table
Subnet
Assignment Worksheet
CHAPTER
3 Private Addressing and Subnetting Large Networks
Introduction
Strategies
to Conserve Addresses
CIDR
VLSM
Private
Addresses
Addressing
Economics
An Appeal
Public vs
Private Address Spaces
Can I
Pick My Own?
RFC
1918—Private Network Addresses
The
Three-Address Blocks
Considerations
Which to
Use When
Strategy
for Subnetting a Class A Private Network
The
Network
The
Strategy
Address
Assignment
The
Headquarters LANs
The WAN
Links from Headquarters to
the Distribution Centers
The
Distribution Center LANs
The WAN
Links from the DC to the Stores
The Store
LANs
Results
Summary
FAQs
Exercises
CHAPTER
4 Network Address Translation
Introduction
Hiding
Behind the Router/Firewall
What Is
NAT?
How Does
NAT Work?
Network
Address Translation (Static)
How Does
Static NAT Work?
Double
NAT
Problems with
Static NAT
Configuration
Examples
Windows
NT 2000
Cisco IOS
Linux IP
Masquerade
Network
Address Translation (Dynamic)
How Does
Dynamic NAT Work?
Problems
with Dynamic NAT
Configuration
Examples
Cisco IOS
Port
Address Translation (PAT)
How Does
PAT Work?
Problems
with PAT
Configuration
Examples
Windows
NT 2000
Linux IP
Masquerade
Cisco IOS
What Are
the Advantages?
What Are
the Performance Issues?
Proxies
and Firewall Capabilities
Packet
Filters
Proxies
Stateful
Packet Filters
Stateful
Packet Filter with Rewrite
Why a
Proxy Server Is Really Not a NAT
Shortcomings
of SPF
Summary
FAQs
References
& Resources
RFCs
IP
Masquerade/Linux
Cisco
Windows
NAT
Whitepapers
Firewalls
CHAPTER
5 Variable-Length Subnet Masking
Introduction
Why Are
Variable-Length Masks Necessary?
Right-sizing
Your Subnets
More
Addresses or More Useful Addresses?
The
Importance of Proper Planning
Creating
and Managing Variable-Length Subnets
Analyze
Subnet Needs
Enumerate
Each Subnet and Number of Required Nodes
Determine
Which Mask to Use in Each Subnet
Allocate
Addresses Based on Need For Each Subnet
Routing
Protocols and VLSM
Class C
VLSM Problem
Completing
the Class C Problem
Template-based
Address Assignment
Summary
FAQs
Introduction
Classless
Interdomain Routing
From
Millions to Thousands of Networks
ISP
Address Assignment
Using
CIDR Addresses Inside Your Network
Contiguous
Subnets
IGRP
EIGRP
EIGRP
Concepts
RIP-1
Requirements
Comparison
with IGRP
Routing
Update Impact
RIP-2
Requirements
OSPF
Configuring
OSPF
Routing
Update Impact
OSPF
Implementation Recommendations
BGP
Requirements
IBGP and
EBGP Requirements
Loopback
Interfaces
Summary
FAQs
CHAPTER
7 Automatic Assignment of IP Addresses with BOOTP and DHCP Objectives
Introduction
The Role
of Dynamic Address Assignment
A Brief
History
Address
Management with These Tools
The BOOTP
Packet
Field
Descriptions and Comments
OP
HTYPE
HLEN
HOPS
XID
SECS
FLAG
CIADDR
YIADDR
SIADDR
GIADDR
CHADDR
SNAME
FILE
VEND/OPTION
BOOTP
Process Details
Client
BOOTREQUEST
Server
BOOTREPLY
Field
Values in the BOOTREPLY packet
The BOOTP
Server Database
How Does
DHCP Work?
DHCP
Process Overview
DHCP
Process Details
DHCP-Specific
Options
Interoperation
between DHCP and BOOTP
DHCP
Address Scopes
Comparing
BOOTP and DHCP
How BOOTP
Works
BOOTP
Process Overview
DHCP /
BOOTP Options
BOOTP
Options from RFC1497
IP Layer
Parameters per Host
IP Layer
Parameters per Interface
Link
Layer Parameters per Interface
TCP
Parameters
Application
and Service Parameters
BOOTP,
DHCP, and Routed Networks
The BOOTP
Relay Agent
The Role
of the GIADDR
Other
Fields Involved
HOPS
CHADDR,
YIADDR, HTYPE, HLEN, FLAG
SECS
UDP Port
Number
IP TTL
Field
ALL Other
Fields
BOOTP
Implementation Checklist
DHCP
Implementation Checklist
Summary
FAQs
CHAPTER
8 Multicast Addressing
What Is
Multicast?
Mapping
IP Multicast to the Link Layer
Joining
the Group
IGMP
Multicast
Routing Protocols
Mbone
Multicast
Addresses
Transient
and Permanent Addresses
Generic
Assignments
IANA
Assignments
Scope of Multicast
Addresses Using TTL
Administrative
Scopes
IP Stacks
and Multicast
Why
Multicast?
Efficiency
of Bandwidth Usage and Scaling
Discovering
Efficient
Channel
Industry
Summary
FAQ
References
Introduction
IPv6
Addressing Basics
IPv6
Addressing Scheme Characteristics
Version
Traffic
Class
Flow
Label
Payload
Length
Next
Header
Hop-by-Hop
Options Header
Destination
Options Header I
Routing
Header
Fragment
Header
Authentication
Header
Encrypted
Security Payload Header
Destination
Options Header II
Hop Limit
Source
Address
Destination
Address
More
Bits!
A More
Flexible Hierarchical Organization of Addresses
FP:
Format Prefix
TLA ID
RES
NLA ID
SLA ID
Interface
ID
Minimizing
the Size of Routing Tables
Global
Addresses for the Internet and Local Addresses for Intranet
IPv6
Benefits
Increased
IP Address Size
Increased
Addressing Hierarchy Support
Simplified
Host Addressing
Simpler
Autoconfiguration of Addresses
Improved
Scalability of Multicast Routing
The
Anycast Address
The Need
for Further Development
The
Multihoming Problem
The 6Bone
Summary
FAQ
Introduction
Expanded
Addressing
Simplified
Header
Improved
Support for Extension and Option
Flow and
Flow Labeling
Authentication
and Privacy
IPv6
Header
IPv4
Header
Extension
Headers
Hop-by-Hop
Option Header
Routing
Header
Fragment
Header
Authentication
Header
Encapsulating
Security Payload
Destination
Options Header
Upper-Layer
Protocol Issues
Summary
FAQs
References
Introduction
Registries
Provider-Based
Assignments
Cost of
an IP Address
How to
Find an IPv4 Address Delegation
How to
Find an IPv6 Address Delegation
Internet
Governance
Summary
INDEX